Krishan B Kumar's Articles Display Category|Title|Newest|Oldest Prevention Of The Plague Epidemic A long-term and active anti-plague drive is required at the national level, covering the entire country/population of both rats and man. Preventive steps are required even in normal times, but more vigorously when a plague epidemic is predicted. Specific measures must be undertaken when such a situation arises. 1. Prediction of the plague epidemic Surveillance units can playa great role. Incidence of plague in wild/urban rats, and/or a fall in the wild/urban rat populat... What Are The Warning Signals Of The Plague Epidemic? The disease is transmitted from rats to man by small insects, (about 2-4 mm) i.e. rat-fleas which act as vector, i.e. they only transmit the disease, but do not suffer from it. Rather, they derive their blood meals from the plague-infected rats till the rats die. While sucking blood from the infected rats, a large number of plague bacilli enter the stomach of rat-fleas where they multiply further. When such fleas bite a rat or man for getting their nourishment, they inject th... Various Preventive Measures For Tetanus? 1. Vaccination is the key for the prevention of this disease. Therefore, a strict vaccination schedule must be followed. Tetanus usually occurs among those persons who are either not vaccinated at all, or to whom proper dosages have not been given. Therefore, all children should be immunized and this immunization should be maintained throughout life by administering booster dosages of tetanus vaccine at regular intervals. Also, all pregnant mothers should get a cover of va... What Tests Are Necessary For Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)? At the outset, it may be said that in case there is any predisposing/ obstructive factor (like urinary stones, benign enlargement of prostate, congenital abnormalities of urinary tract, etc.), it must be investigated and treated according to the lines already described. The various tests required for the diagnosis/treatment of UTI are as under: 1. Examination of urine It is one of the most important tests, and it should not be taken casually. It indicates whether the p... Guidelines For The Prevention Of Urinary Tract Infection UTI From the foregoing information on UTI, one should realize that the best course is to follow, strictly, the preventive measures, which are very simple, mostly relating to routine hygiene, rather than being on long-term prophylactic antibiotks; or, in neglected cases, developing terminal kidney disease, i.e. kidney failure, which may, require repeated dialysis, or even kidney transplant, depending on the case. Various guidelines are mentioned below, and all individuals, irre... Things To Know About Acute Renal (Kidney) Failure - ARF ARF is a condition when both kidneys almost suddenly fail to perform their functions. The failure occurs within a few hours/ days. This may result from an acute disease of the kidneys, as a result of allergic manifestation operating gravely on the kidneys, i.e. acute GN, described earlier. Besides, sometimes blood pressure may be so acutely elevated, that it may knock down both the kidneys, resulting in their sudden/ acute failure. Further, an acute infection of the kidneys (... Signs, Symptoms And Treatments Of Acute Renal (Kidney) Failure - ARF The clinical picture depends upon underlying causes, like acute GN (allergic disorder of kidneys), sudden acute rise in blood pressure (malignant hypertension), or it may be a case of acute infection of the kidneys (pyelonephritis), or an advanced case of dehydration (due to repeated vomiting, diarrhoea, etc.), or due to loss of blood as a result of sudden bleeding, or due to marked hypotension, i.e. fall in blood pressure in a case of heart attack, or acute kidney failure ma... Chronic Renal (Kidney) Failure & Your Kidneys As a result of slow or chronic involvement of both the kidneys, the size of the kidneys reduces, i.e. they become small in size. As the disease progresses, they become more and more small. An ultrasonographic examination of the kidneys can give a fair idea of the progress of the disease, by measuring the size of the kidneys. However, in acute renal failure (ARF), discussed in the earlier topic, the size of the kidneys remains almost their normal size, since the condition has ... Complications / Symptomatology Of Chronic Renal (Kidney) Failure (CRF) As the disease advances, various systems/organs of the body start deteriorating due to the collection of poisons/toxins in the body, which the diseased kidneys cannot excrete fully. The patient complains of marked loss of appetite, nausea and recurrent vomiting (especially in the morning). These are the early symptoms, and the patient may report only with these vague complaints, and at such a stage, it is only the clinician who can clinch the diagnosis, provided the patien... Total Prevention Of Chronic Renal (Kidney) Failure - CRF Kidneys can be prevented from any damage, provided one is careful to prevent all those diseases, at least the common ones, which harm the kidneys. Since CRF usually occurs as a result of undetected/uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, GN, UTI, especially the cases where there is an obstruction in the urinary tract, due to enlarged prostate, urinary stones, etc., all these predisposing factors/diseases have to be avoided/ prevented right from the beginning/ early age, s... What Are The Reasons For Ineffective Control Of Tuberculosis? The warning signal that if a person has a cough for more than 14 days, with fever, loss of appetite and weight, he must report to his physician for check-up and tests, for the inclusion/ exclusion of tuberculosis, is hardly followed, and, even the symptoms are not known to all. The longer the disease remains undiagnosed, the more difficult it becomes to eradicate the infection. Even when it remains asymptomatic for sometime in many of the cases, when it presents itself, there... What Is Tuberculous Meningitis? Meninges, i.e. thin layers/membranes (3 in number, named from outside to inside, (i) the dura mater, (ii) the arachnoid mater and (iii) the pia mater) covering the brain may also be involved as a result of tuberculosis, and the disease is called tuberculous meningitis. In this case, the infection spreads from the brain to the meninges. Initially, a slow-growing tuberculous lesion called 'tuberculoma' develops in the brain, adjacent to the meninges, which ruptures in the subar... Vaccination Of The Newborn And Tuberculosis Vaccine against tuberculosis, known as Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) discovered by two French scientists, Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1922, has got its own limitations, and its efficacy is highly variable. Still the vaccine is recommended for administration to all newborn to protect them against pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The newborn should not be denied this vaccination. If it is ignored, and the child is faced with a serious tuberculous infectio... Warning Signals And Diagnosis Of Asthma Asthma is said to be more loyal than a wife. She may divorce you, but asthma usually does not. Such is the lingering characteristic of the disease. Allergy and bronchial asthma are closely related. In an attack of asthma, as a result of allergy, there occurs an inflammation of the airways. Thus a swelling/narrowing of the airways manifests itself as a result of this inflammation. The three notable early warning signs/symptoms are: cough, tightness in the chest / breathl... Various Allergic Factors 1 Extrinsic Allergic Factor Besides some of the factors causing allergy / asthma in a patient are: (i) house dust (present in bedrooms, mattresses, pillows, rugs, curtains, woollen clothes, blankets, carpets, upholstered furniture, etc.), (ii) moulds (which grow in humid places, like where there is a leakage of water in walls, roofs, filters of desert-coolers or airconditioners and places of poor ventilation like cowsheds, barns, etc.), (iii) pollens (from flowers, trees, ... Diseases Of The Abdomen And Ultrasonography Some diseases of the abdomen may also remain undetected for a long time. This is particularly true of gallbladder diseases - gallstones (cholelithiasis), inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), or even cancer of the gallbladder. Either gallstones or an inflamed gallbladder may lead to cancer of the gallbladder. Therefore, it is necessary to detect early cases of gallstones and inflamed gallbladder, so that once diagnosed, it can be removed surgically, and cancer of t... How The Urinary Tract Gets Infected? The urinary tract (which consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra) is free from any infection/ organism/bacteria. On the other hand, the intestinal canal usually contains organisms, like Escherichia coli (E. coli), which passes out in large numbers in the faeces. Under normal circumstances, they do not cause any harm in the intestine, but they are extremely harmful to the urinary tract when they enter the urethral orifice from the anal orif... How Kidneys Are Damaged And Cause 'Hidden' Kidney Failure Kidneys are one of the most vital organs of the body, and damage to them must be prevented by all means. Survival is threatened when kidneys are badly damaged in a disease, and their function impaired severely. Hence, the infection must be controlled/ eradicated immediately with proper antibiotics,otherwise the kidneys will be damaged as a result of a long-standing/ recurrent infection, called chronic pyelonephritis. The situation becomes grim when an attack of acute pyelo... Things To Know About Urinary Stones The usual stones in the urinary tract consist of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate (or combined with ammonio-magnesium phosphate), or uric acid, etc. However, the stones may occur as a combination of these constituents, called 'mixed stones'. What are the symptoms of urinary stones? Stone/s in the urinary tract may remain symptom less for long, and may be detected by routine X-rays. Stones which are stagnant/motionless in any part of the urinary tract do not show sym... Things To Know About Benign Enlargement Of The Prostate (BEP) The prostate is a walnut-sized gland in males, located below the urinary bladder, and it encircles the upper part of the urethra. This part of the urethra is called the prostatic urethra. Urine from the urinary bladder passes out through this urethra. Hence it is clear that whenever the prostate becomes enlarged, it is likely to put pressure on this part of the urethra, i.e., the prostatic urethra, causing obstruction when the patient passes urine. In very early cases, the...

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